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Reform of the IMF Real empowerment of developing countries or just a gesture?
Kroupa, Michal ; Plechanovová, Běla (advisor) ; Parízek, Michal (referee)
Recently implemented reform of the IMF was motivated by empowering smaller developing and emerging countries. My work has an ambition to assess the countries were empowered and whether there would be a more efficient way for IMF reform. I analyse of role and power of countries using well-established methodology of Voting Power Indices. Apart from the immediate change a longer perspective covering last 20 years would be implemented. My aim is not only assess the power of countries as isolated variables but also to assess them in context of other indicators such as economic development. Lastly, I would suggest a new way of reform proposal for the IMF. Currently countries are represented in the locus of executive power through constituencies. Constituencies are formed arbitrary often reflecting power-seeking behaviour of developed countries. The result is composition of constituencies that often further marginalize the developing countries. My proposal is to restructure these constituencies in line with regional international organizations, which can enhance the position of developing countries in two ways. By providing institutional capacity of already existing organizations the consensus within the constituency would be better facilitated. By formation constituencies in line with regional...
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Unsupervised Verification of Fake News by Public Opinion
Grim, Jiří
In this paper we discuss a simple way to evaluate the messages in social networks automatically, without any special content analysis or external intervention. We presume, that a large number of social network participants is capable of a relatively reliable evaluation of materials presented in the network. Considering a simple binary evaluation scheme (like/dislike), we propose a transparent algorithm with the aim to increase the voting power of reliable network members by means of weights. The algorithm supports the votes which correlate with the more reliable weighted majority and, in turn, the modified weights improve the quality of the weighted majority voting. In this sense the weighting is controlled only by a general coincidence of voting members while the specific content of messages is unimportant. The iterative optimization procedure is unsupervised and does not require any external intervention with only one exception, as discussed in Sec. 5.2 .\n\nIn simulation experiments the algorithm nearly exactly identifies the reliable members by means of weights. Using the reinforced weights we can compute for a new message the weighted sum of votes as a quantitative measure of its positive or negative nature. In this way any fake news can be recognized as negative and indicated as controversial. The accuracy of the resulting weighted decision making was essentially higher than a simple majority voting and has been considerably robust with respect to possible external manipulations.\n\nThe main motivation of the proposed algorithm is its application in a large social network. The content of evaluated messages is unimportant, only the related decision making of participants is registered and compared with the weighted vote with the aim to identify the most reliable voters. A large number of participants and communicated messages should enable to design a reliable and robust weighted voting scheme. Ideally the resulting weighted vote should provide a generally acceptable emotional feedback for network participants and could be used to indicate positive or controversial news in a suitably chosen quantitative way. The optimization algorithm has to be simple, transparent and intuitive to make the weighted vote well acceptable as a general evaluation tool.\n
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Reform of the IMF Real empowerment of developing countries or just a gesture?
Kroupa, Michal ; Plechanovová, Běla (advisor) ; Parízek, Michal (referee)
Recently implemented reform of the IMF was motivated by empowering smaller developing and emerging countries. My work has an ambition to assess the countries were empowered and whether there would be a more efficient way for IMF reform. I analyse of role and power of countries using well-established methodology of Voting Power Indices. Apart from the immediate change a longer perspective covering last 20 years would be implemented. My aim is not only assess the power of countries as isolated variables but also to assess them in context of other indicators such as economic development. Lastly, I would suggest a new way of reform proposal for the IMF. Currently countries are represented in the locus of executive power through constituencies. Constituencies are formed arbitrary often reflecting power-seeking behaviour of developed countries. The result is composition of constituencies that often further marginalize the developing countries. My proposal is to restructure these constituencies in line with regional international organizations, which can enhance the position of developing countries in two ways. By providing institutional capacity of already existing organizations the consensus within the constituency would be better facilitated. By formation constituencies in line with regional...
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